In 1916 the Battle of Jutland/Skagerrackschlacht took place in the North Sea. Afterwards, both the countries involved – the United Kingdom and Germany – claimed a victory.
In fact, in terms of damaged ships, ships sunk or sailors killed, Germany had an advantage of roughly 2 to 1. On the statistics, it was a clear victory for them. Germany had tougher ships, better ammunition, better rangefinders, and better officers.
But it was not good enough. The object of the battle was to allow the German High Sea Fleet to take command of the North Sea. After the battle, however, it was back in port and unable to leave. The Royal Navy outnumbered the German Navy so greatly that it still controlled the North Sea – and in fact it could probably have lost another Jutland and still retained control.
This emphasises the importance of understanding individual battles in context. For the games theorist, it shows the importance of modelling enough of the overall game to understand the implication of individual results.